Friday, November 29, 2019
Wired Hands - A Brief Look At Robotics Essays - Robot,
Wired Hands - A Brief Look at Robotics NEWSCIENCE Two years ago, the Chrysler corporation completely gutted its Windsor, Ontario, car assembly plant and within six weeks had installed an entirely new factory inside the building. It was a marvel of engineering. When it came time to go to work, a whole new work force marched onto the assembly line. There on opening day was a crew of 150 industrial robots. Industrial robots don't look anything like the androids from sci-fi books and movies. They don't act like the evil Daleks or a fusspot C-3P0. If anything, the industrial robots toiling on the Chrysler line resemble elegant swans or baby brontosauruses with their fat, squat bodies, long arched necks and small heads. An industrial robot is essentially a long manipulator arm that holds tools such as welding guns or motorized screwdrivers or grippers for picking up objects. The robots working at Chrysler and in numerous other modern factories are extremely adept at performing highly specialized tasks - one robot may spray paint car parts while another does spots welds while another pours radioactive chemicals. Robots are ideal workers: they never get bored and they work around the clock. What's even more important, they're flexible. By altering its programming you can instruct a robot to take on different tasks. This is largely what sets robots apart from other machines; try as you might you can't make your washing machine do the dishes. Although some critics complain that robots are stealing much-needed jobs away from people, so far they've been given only the dreariest, dirtiest, most soul- destroying work. The word robot is Slav in origin and is related to the words for work and worker. Robots first appeared in a play, Rossum's Universal Robots, written in 1920 by the Czech playwright, Karel Capek. The play tells of an engineer who designs man-like machines that have no human weakness and become immensely popular. However, when the robots are used for war they rebel against their human masters. Though industrial robots do dull, dehumanizing work, they are nevertheless a delight to watch as they crane their long necks, swivel their heads and poke about the area where they work. They satisfy "that vague longing to see the human body reflected in a machine, to see a living function translated into mechanical parts", as one writer has said. Just as much fun are the numerous "personal" robots now on the market, the most popular of which is HERO, manufactured by Heathkit. Looking like a plastic step-stool on wheels, HERO can lift objects with its one clawed arm and utter computer-synthesized speech. There's Hubot, too, which comes with a television screen face, flashing lights and a computer keyboard that pulls out from its stomach. Hubot moves at a pace of 30 cm per second and can function as a burglar alarm and a wake up service. Several years ago, the swank department store Neiman-Marcus sold a robot pet, named Wires. When you boil all the feathers out of the hype, HERO, Hubot, Wires et. al. are really just super toys. You may dream of living like a slothful sultan surrounded by a coterie of metal maids, but any further automation in your home will instead include things like lights that switch on automatically when the natural light dims or carpets with permanent suction systems built into them. One of the earliest attempts at a robot design was a machine, nicknamed Shakey by its inventor because it was so wobbly on its feet. Today, poor Shakey is a rusting pile of metal sitting in the corner of a California laboratory. Robot engineers have since realized that the greater challenge is not in putting together the nuts and bolts, but rather in devising the lists of instructions - the "software - that tell robots what to do". Software has indeed become increasingly sophisticated year by year. The Canadian weather service now employs a program called METEO which translates weather reports from English to French. There are computer programs that diagnose medical ailments and locate valuable ore deposits. Still other computer programs play and win at chess, checkers and go. As a results, robots are undoubtedly getting "smarter". The Diffracto company in Windsor is one of the world's leading designers and makers of machine vision. A robot outfitted with Diffracto "eyes" can find a part, distinguish it from another part and even examine it for flaws. Diffracto is now working on a tomato sorter which examines colour, looking for no-red - i.e. unripe - tomatoes as they roll past its TV camera eye. When an unripe tomato is spotted, a computer directs a robot arm to pick out the
Monday, November 25, 2019
French to English False Cognates
French to English False Cognates One of the great things about learning French or English is that many words have the same roots in the Romance languages and English. However, there are also a great many faux amis, or false cognates, which look similar but have different meanings. This is one of the biggest pitfalls for students of French. There are also semi-false cognates: words that can only sometimes be translated by the similar word in the other language.This alphabetical list (newest additions) includes hundreds of French-English false cognates, with explanations of what each word means and how it can be correctly translated into the other language. To avoid confusion due to the fact that some of the words are identical in the two languages, the French word is followed by (F) and the English word is followed by (E).ici (F) vs icy (E)     ici (F) means here.     icy (E) means glacial, glacà ©, or verglacà ©.idà ©ologie (F) vs ideology (E)     idà ©ologie (F) can refer to an ideology, but is usually used in a pejorative sense: ideology or philosophy based on sophomoric or illogical arguments.      ideology (E) une idà ©ologie.ignorant (F) vs ignorant (E)     ignorant (F) is a semi-false cognate. It usually means unaware of, although it can mean ignorant (E). It can also be a noun - ignoramus.     ignorant (E) has only one French equivalent - ignorant, but in English it is usually somewhat pejorative: lacking education or knowledge. The French word ignorant doesnt distinguish between unaware and uneducated.ignorer (F) vs ignore (E)     ignorer (F) is a semi-false cognate. It nearly always means to be ignorant (E) or unaware of something: jignore tout de cette affaire - I know nothing about this business.     ignore (E) means to deliberately not pay attention to someone or something. The usual translations are ne tenir aucun compte de, ne pas relever, and ne pas prà ªter attention .impair (F) vs impair (E)     impair (F) is an adjective: odd or uneven.     impair (E) is a verb: diminuer or affaiblir.implantation (F) vs implantation (E)     Une implantation (F) is the introduction or setting up of a new method or industry, a settlement, or a companys presence in country/region. Medically, it means implantation (of an organ or embryo).     Implantation (E) means une implantation only in the sense of an introduction or setting up or in the medical sense.important (F) vs Important (E)     important (F) has a much broader meaning that its English cognate. In addition to important in the sense of significant or authoritative, important (F) can also mean large, considerable, substantial.     important (E) important.imposition (F) vs imposition (E)     imposition (F) refers to taxation (les impà ´ts - taxes). In religion, limposition des mains the laying on of hands.     imposition (E) has two distinct meanings. The imposition of something, such as a regulation, is la mise en place. In the sense of a burden, imposition cant be translated by a noun. The sentence needs to be rewritten using a verb like abuser or dà ©ranger to get the sense of imposition across.inconvà ©nient (F) vs inco nvenient (E)     inconvà ©nient (F) is a noun and is also somewhat stronger than the English word inconvenient; un inconvà ©nient is a disadvantage, drawback, or risk. Les inconvà ©nients - consequences.     inconvenient (E) is an adjective: inopportun, importun, gà ªnant, peu pratique, malcommode.inconsistant (F) vs inconsistent (E)     inconsistant (F) indicates poor consistency: flimsy, weak, colorless, runny, or watery. In a more general sense, it can be translated by inconsistent.     inconsistent (E) means lacking consistency or being erratic: inconsà ©quent, incompatible.index (F) vs index (E)     index (F) can refer to the index finger, a pointer, or an alphabetical index.     index (E) is an alphabetical index or table. When it is used in statistics, the French equivalent is une indice.infect (F) vs infect (E)     infect (F) is an adjective: revolting, obnoxious, squalid, vile, horrible.     infect (E) is a verb: infecter, contaminer.information (F) vs information (E)     information (F) is a semi-false cognate. Une i nformation refers to a single piece of information, while des informations is equivalent to the general English term information. In addition, une information can indicate an official inquiry or investigation.      information (E) means des renseignements or informations.informatiser (F) vs inform (E)     informatiser (F) to computerize.     inform (E) can mean informer, avertir, aviser, or renseigner.ingrat (F) vs ingrate (E)     ingrat (F) can be an adjective - ungrateful, bleak, unreliable, or unattractive - or a noun: ingrate, ungrateful person.     ingrate (E) un ingrat.inhabità © (F) vs inhabited (E)     inhabità © (F) uninhabited.     inhabited (E) means habità ©.injure (F) vs injury (E)     injure (F) is an insult or term of abuse.     injury (E) refers to une blessure.inscription (F) vs inscription (E)     inscription (F) is a true cognate in the sense of text inscriptions. However, it is also a general term for action as well as registration or enrollment.     inscription (E) une inscription on a coin or monume nt, or une dà ©dicace in a book.insolation (F) vs insulation (E)     insolation (F) means sunstroke or sunshine.     insulation (E) isolation.instance (F) vs instance (E)     instance (F) means authority, official proceedings, or insistence.      instance (E) refers to something that is representative of a group, an example - un exemple.intà ©gral (F) vs integral (E)     intà ©gral (F) means complete, unabridged, or total.     integral (E) means intà ©grant or constituant.intà ©ressant (F) vs interesting (E)     intà ©ressant (F) is a semi-false cognate. In addition to interesting, it can mean attractive, worthwhile, or favorable (e.g., a price or offer).     interesting (E) means captivating, worth looking at, etc.intoxiquà © (F) vs intoxicated (E)     intoxiquà © (F) means poisoned.     intoxicated (E) means drunk - ivre.introduire (F) vs introduce (E)     introduire (F) means to place, insert, or introduce into. It is not used in the sense of introducing one person to another.     introduce (E) means prà ©senter.isolation (F) vs isolation (E)     isolation (F) re fers to insulation.     isolation (E) equals isolement or quarantaine.inviter (F) vs invite (E)     inviter (F) means both to invite and to treat (someone to a meal/drink).     invite (E) inviter.
Friday, November 22, 2019
Cross-cultural Management in Multinational Project Groups Essay
Cross-cultural Management in Multinational Project Groups - Essay Example Nonetheless, the business culture of France still reserves some surprises for Americans and other western nations. This report seeks to provide a cross-cultural analysis of France as a potential location for investment. The report seeks to provide a profile for the cultural environment of France, exploring issues that may have significant impact on management, including business protocols, language, housing, clothing, social institutions, education, and others. Introduction According to the 1958 constitution, France is a parliamentary republic. A president, who is the head of state, leads the country. The latter monitors the functioning of democratic institutions as far as the constitution is concerned. The country also has a Prime Minister in charge of day-to-day policy. A bicameral parliament governs the country. It comprises of a Senate with directly elected representatives from the departments and region, and a House of Representatives elected by the universal suffrage every five years. The metropolitan France has twenty-two regions with ninety-six departments. The communities, departments, and regions share the centrally collected tax revenues (Smircich, 2005). France is the largest West European country with a population of approximately 65 million people, about four-fifths of the size of Texas. Due to the large area coverage, the country has different environmental orientation. The country has mountains in the south and east, volcanoes in the middle and beaches in other parts. The beaches are also very different, comprising of cliffs, sand, and stones. Consequently, the country has different climate conditions: dry and hot in the east and south, and rainy in the north and west. The country does not have an official religion, but most of the citizens are Roman Catholic. The country hosts over 4.5 million foreigners, majority of whom are from communist countries and other European countries (UHY, 2011). As far as French citizens are concerned, education is very important. This is evident from the fact that the French educational system is almost free from primary school through to a doctorate degree for French citizens. Population According to a survey carried out in 2010, about three-quarters of the French population live in the cities, with a population density of 97 inhabitants per square metropolitan kilometer. The major currency in use is the Euro. The country majorly speaks French. According to economic statistics, the service sector accounts for over 74% of the overall employment, compared with 5% in agriculture. The industrial sector of the country continues to suffer significant deficits in foreign trade due to the fierce competition from the Far East. In 2009, the country made a Gross Domestic Product of 1950 billion Euros, an increase of 2.5% from 2007. The average growth rate was 0.6%, slightly below the Eurozone average of 0.7% and 0.8% of the US figure. The GDP purchasing power parity in 2010 was $2.097 trillion, with a GDP per Capita purchasing power parity of $32,700. The global economy has been slow in all areas because of the recent financial crisis. The global effect was initially high, but France gained from its little exposure and encouraged a strong public spending policy to maintain a high demand level (Fatehi, 2003). Economy Since 2008, the rate of unemployment has increased to stand at 10% of the overall active population, slightly higher than the average European rate of 9.6%. The country reduced the
Wednesday, November 20, 2019
Play and Pedagogy (Early Childhood Education) Essay
Play and Pedagogy (Early Childhood Education) - Essay Example Understanding the quote presented in the module at 4.1.2 - "....curriculum is what happens in an educational environment - not what is rationally planned to happen, but what actually takes place." , it can be said that the curriculum comprises the whole early childhood programme. It covers a broad spectrum - from how the physical environment is designed, which skills are targeted to be developed in the children, which concepts and activities are appropriate for the age group, what are the routines to be included and how one transitions from one activity to another. Early childhood settings may be particularly challenging to plan a curriculum for, as the learners are very young and may be at various stages of development. Each age may be a different stage in early childhood as children grow up rapidly in all domains. Group settings at preschools or day care centres may have various ideas of how to provide group care and education. In this particular paper, curriculum shall be discusse d in terms of meeting children where they are at. The situation to be studied falls under a constructivist approach of learning which puts the learner in charge of â€Å"constructing†his or her own learning with the able help of a nurturing educator who provides her class with much challenge to their potentials. An ideal early childhood curriculum considers various factors in its planning and implementation. The writer shall discuss what she deems essential aspects of the early childhood curriculum based on observations of how very young children learn and various theoretical frameworks culled from literature. It will enumerate the roles, responsibilities and benefits to stakeholders in early childhood education, specifically that of the children themselves and the teacher-practitioners who are in charge of creating the curriculum. Specifically, the writer believes the following are the
Monday, November 18, 2019
Article summary The Impact of Corruption on Liquidity, Execution Risk,
Summary The Impact of Corruption on Liquidity, Execution Risk, and Foreign Equity Investments in International Capital Markets - Article Example While the article suggest that the well-functioning of a financial enterprise is only possible with the reliability of sustainable market conditions and crystal clear transparency of transactions. Many authors like Shleifer and Eleswarapu consider financial business confronts several conditions that pose dangerous threat to liquidity; most of them are centered to corruption, government involvement in the financial sector and malpractices due to poor management. This study is an improvement to various findings mentioned in the previous literature of many economists but they were initially limited macroeconomics or firm-level corporate finance studies without consideration of the impact of t the constraints as a relationship with international financial crises. The authors summarize the impact of corruption into three ways; possible reduction in foreign portfolio investment inflow, negative coefficient on the non linear for on equity investment and in some contexts, inconsistent behavior of foreign investment foreign investment in countries with different levels of corruption. The elaboration of the research element is divided by the authors in to six segments like relevant literature, hypothesis, data selection, empirical methodology, empirical results and the conclusion. Earlier literatures notify the significant reduction in market investment as a direct co-efficient to increased level of corruption. State level political corruption is identified as the deed of government of a country misallocating or selling state capital funds and property to private parties. As per the transparency index, for a complete fall in the equity, it was calculated that one-third effect of corruption was enough. Therefore, countries like Hong Kong and Singapore have set up agencies acting against corruption whereby they secured better inflow. However, corruption takes a positive note as it saves the time and
Saturday, November 16, 2019
Definition And Conditions Of Decision Making Tourism Essay
Definition And Conditions Of Decision Making Tourism Essay As managers and entrepreneurs, we should have confidence in our decisions, but can we? Discuss with regard to your ability as a decision maker and the tools and methods available to assist decision making. Entrepreneur and managers are no longer able to have confidence in their decision. Because even good managers make mistakes in their decision making process. Therefore, there are many of the business organisations trying to find out the best method of decision making process. Nevertheless, many of them experience end in failure or sink in the business world. Because, decision making of organisation, as it operates with in the organisation, implies that increasing unexpected complexity in environment uncertainty. And this uncertainty means that decision makers do not have sufficient information about environmental factors, and they have a difficult time predicting internal or external changes. So, uncertainty increases the risk of failure for organisational responses and makes it difficult to compute costs and probabilities associated with decision alternatives. Therefore, any organisations want to success in their business, it is essential to use suitable decision making tools and me thods. To understand this essay better, defining the term of decision making is necessary. According to Fitzgerald, decision making involves the choice of an alternative from among a series of competing alternatives (2002, p. 8). And theories of decision making are concerned with how such choices are made. This essay will explain nature of decision making, tools and methods of decision making process and steps in decision making to assist decision makers. Finally, availability of those tools and methods by managers and entrepreneurs will be discussed to assist their decision making process. First of all, nature of decision making should be identified before it discusses about its tools and methods. The definition of decision making is explained in introduction. However, decision making conditions are should be concerned before the actual decisions have been made because the decisions are not always made under same amount of available information (Rue Byars, 2007, p. 76). The conditions which give influence to decision making process are: certainty, risk and uncertainty. Situation of certainty means that decision maker knows every alternative outcome from the decision so he/she can make decision precisely. For example, if manager have to make decision on which transport service he/she will use between by air or by train to deliver their product or service, it is obvious that air will take relatively shorter time but higher cost than train, and train will take longer time but lower cost than airplane. Unfortunately, each alternative brings different outcomes and this is not always known in advance. Therefore, decision makers are only able to estimate their relative probabilities of outcomes. According to Williams, perception of risk means the amount of uncertainty or lack of predictability concerning the outcome of a decision (2002, p. 86). This is called a situation of risk. Generally, exact prediction about probabilities of various outcomes is impossible. Thus, managers may make their decision based on past experience and historical data. However, Russo and Schoemarker said people do not learn easily from experience because is requires pro-found skills (1990, p. 174). Although, risk can never be eliminated from decision making process, decision makers can attempt to minimize its impact on their outcome with technique of learning from experience and forecasting from historical data. When there is very little or no reliable information to estimate the variety of possible outcomes fro decision maker, this is called situation of uncertainty. Moreover, this means that the decision maker does not have any knowledge that concerns the possibilities related with different outcomes. In this circumstance, decision maker may take one of several approaches. First approach is the maximax approach. Rue Byars selecting the alternative whose best possible outcomes is the best of all possible outcomes for all alternatives (2007, p. 77). In the second approach, the maximin approach refers comparing the worst possible outcomes for each alternative and selecting the one that is least undesirable (Rue Byars, 2007, p. 77). And the last approach is the risk-averting approach. This approach can be resulted in more effective planning because it is chosen by the alternative with the least fluctuation among its possible outcomes (2007, p. 78). The conditions for decision making occupy important position in decision making process by guiding decision makers which decision making model they should use. Therefore, decision makers should keep in mind those conditions before they make actual decision for organisations. Decision making tools and methods in decision process support decision makers to understand complex phenomena in managerial activities. Those tools and methods are able to maximise managerial options within decision making process specifically and describe its situations clearly. The tools are for fostering making creative decision. And the methods have rational and intuitive methods for effective decision making. By using these tools and methods, the triple bottom line and managers corporate social responsibility should be concerned together. According to Williams, creative problem solving is not easy and applying the tools requires time, resources, and effort (2002, p. 149). However, to improve the quality of organisations important decision making process, creative decision making techniques are essential. These techniques are such as brainstorming, Gordon technique, nominal group technique, and synectics. Brainstorming can be explained as producing a large quantity of solution on a problem to find out its solution among them. By using this tool, there is initially no criticism and question of idea should be allowed. Then combinations of solutions can be used as decision making tool for improvement of organisation. Gordon technique is similar with brainstorming but it can be differ from that group leader knows the exact nature of the real problem under consideration (Rue Byars, 2007, p. 84). Nominal group technique is involving few steps as highly structured technique. The order of steps is listening recording voting-discussion final voting. This technique minimizes personal interactions to maximize their activity and reduce pressure from conformity with group decision. The synectics is a relatively new technique used in creative decision making process. This technique uses metaphorical thinking to make the familiar strange and the strange familiar (Rue Byars, 2007, p. 85). None of those techniques is a perfect tool for assisting decision makers activity. Each technique should be considered as a just tool that can facilitate proper decision making process by decision makers. Rational decision making method is the most pervasive and influential and to use rational decision making effectively, this includes the following steps: recognising and defining the situation, developing alternatives, evaluating alternatives, selecting the best alternative, implementation, and follow-up and evaluation (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg, Coulter, 2006, p. 208-212). First, when problem exist, it is necessary to find out what kind of problem it is including organisations current situation. The gap between the current situation and existing problem can be identified in this step. Second, developing alternatives is for finding a cause of problem in the situation and gathering information concerning the current state of affairs. Third, evaluating alternatives has a role for helping decision maker to evaluate a solution from among the available alternatives. Forth, selecting the best alternatives is choosing the best option from among the evaluated alternatives. Fifth, implementati on refers that decision maker is putting the decision he/she chosen into actual organisational activities. Sixth, the last step is evaluating the effectiveness of the implemented decision by decision maker. These steps assist decision maker to optimize organisations outcome. Fitzgerald believes that embedded within the rational model is the belief that managers actually optimize their decision making behaviour by deliberately choosing and implementing the best alternatives (2002, p.13). On the other hand there are similar but slightly different approach is included in rational method. That is satisficing approach. The difference between optimizing approach and satisficing approach in rational method is satisficing is selecting the first alternative that meets the decision makers minimum standard of satisfaction instead of selecting the best possible alternative from among every possible alternative (Rue Byars, 2007, p. 74). Intuitive decision making method is used when decision maker decide organisational decision bases on hunches and intuition (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg, Coulter, 2006, p. 216). Moreover, Robbins, Bergman, Stagg, Coulter defined intuitive decision making as a subconscious process of making decisions on basis of experience and accumulated judgement (2006, p. 216). That means an emotional decision is put into action by decision maker from their mind in decision making process. The emotional attachment can lead manager to poor decisions or can be very real especially who are living in the past. However, the key is manager should not ignore when the available information exist. Intuition plays an important role in decision making process. Consequently, it can be said managers experience and judgement is important when he/she faces the decision making situation. Learning from the past is not easy but once it has become your knowledge, it can be important resource for decision making as a dec ision maker (Williams, 2002, p. 153). In conclusion, this essay discussed about definition and conditions of decision making. The different conditions such as certainty, risk and uncertainty give different influence on decision making process. And the tools and methods have been identified as that can promote improvement of organisation by decision making and several steps in decision making methods to assist decision managers and entrepreneurs. The tools in decision making process allow improving the quality of organisations important decision. Then the methods in decision making are more related to assist decision makers to put one of the possible alternatives on actual action. Decision making process can be improved by recognising conditions of decision making and applying appropriate tools and methods to problems decision maker is faced. To be effective and efficient in decision making process, managers need to be open to new information and others opinion. If managers and entrepreneurs apply creative and sufficient decision making skills in their decision making process, there are various solutions to achieve their goal or overcome their problem will be allowed without failure in decision making.
Wednesday, November 13, 2019
The Raven Essay -- Edgar Allen Poe
The Loss of a Loved Maiden      In â€Å"The Raven†by Edgar Allan Poe, one sees the internal torment of a man in mourning for the lost love of a maiden, named Lenore that has died. The narrator expresses a sea of emotions over the vision of a raven haunting and taunting him.      As the man sits in his chamber he only seems to notice the negativity of his surroundings in a depressive state of mind over his lost. â€Å"..A midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary†. He was, as many people seem to be when they are depressed, in a lethargic and calm state nearly sleeping. He then was disturb by a tapping noise and slowly grew from slight excitement into fear and nervousness over the commotion. â€Å"And the silken, sad, uncertain rustling of each purple curtain thrilled me- filled me with fantastic terrors never felt before.†The narrator tried to rationalize the situation into some coincidental incident of someone at his door yet, there was no one there. To this he plainly states, â€Å"Deep into the darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing,†only to perhaps start to question his sanity until he heard another noise. At this point in the poem one may clearly see his very painful condition and state of mind as he wishfully whispers the word â€Å"Lenore†. The marginal state between idealism and reality has blurred.      As the narrator tensely turns to the window to â€Å"explore†the disturbance, there the reader meets the raven that has entered into the room and placed him...
Monday, November 11, 2019
Implicit and Explicit Learning: Two Different Systems?
Implicit and explicit learning: Two different systems? Implicit and explicit learning methods have been empirically tested over many years and the debate still goes on, are they connected to one another or are they two separate systems? This essay aims to evaluate studies on both sides and come to a conclusion based on current research. Implicit learning was first defined as, how one develops intuitive knowledge about the underlying structure of a complex stimulus environment, without a conscious effort (Reber, 1967).This in Lehman’s terms is essentially unconscious learning, meaning that certain things are learned without our brain being actively used to learn them. Explicit learning on the other hand is defined by Mathers et al (1989) as being very similar to the conscious problem solving processes, this is because our brain attempts to form a mental representation of the task and searches memory for previous knowledge before testing mental models of task performance. Grant & Berg (1948) showed just how clear implicit learning is when they created the Wisconsin card-sorting test (WCST).The participants had to categorize cards but were not told how to categorize them, but only if it was right or wrong. After a few tries the participants were able to successfully match the cards to the right categories however when asked why they could not explain why they matched the card to that category, showing that this learning was done implicitly and is hard to explain how they came to that conclusion. A clear example of explicit learning is when a child is learning their math timetables because they are consciously participating in a new learning exercise.Cleeremans & Jimenez (2002) describes implicit-explicit learning as a continuum whereas Aizenstein et al (2004) suggests that different areas of the brain are active during different types of learning. As there are different types of learning, there are also different types of memory and learning and memory are inextricably linked with one another. Therefore neurologists and psychologists have argued that if there are 2 separate systems of memory then surely, as memory and learning are so closely interlinked, learning must also have a similar system (Kihlstrom, Dorfman & Park, 2007).Grammar learning has being at the centre of the majority of research as the human brain deciphers grammar through both memory and learning. This was shown in Reber (1967) study or artificial grammar learning, where he presented participants with a string of artificial sentences that have been created by using a complex set of grammatical rules. Reber concluded that while all the sentences across both groups technically made no sense, participants identified that there was a set of grammatical rules behind the sentences.When the sentences changed and some were grammatically correct and some were not, participants knew that there was something wrong about the sentence however they could not explain what this was. This is because the participants were unconsciously learning the set of rules while reading the sentence. During different types of learning, different areas of the brain become active and have increased blood flow, this presents a solid platform for a multiple system view of learning in humans.This debate has been discussed in the context of memory as well as learning systems. Goschke (1998) provides evidence for this when he studied the implicit learning of motor sequences. Goschke discovered, through brain imaging, that different domain-specific areas of the brain became active during motor sequence learning, areas that suggest the different areas of the brain become active through one learning task. Consequently proposing the theory for independent learning systems.This theory was reinforced when Aizenstein (2004) used modern technology in the form of fMRI scans to measure regional brain activity during concurrent implicit and explicit sequence learning, this study found that b rain activity was very similar in both types of learning. With the visual cortex and the striatum showing activity in both conditions, however the main difference between the conditions was direction of activation change in the visual cortex. In the implicit condition the visual particle had a negative ? indicating a reduced response related with the learning trials. The prefrontal cortex was also activated more in the explicit condition. Although Aizenstein found a difference in the regional brain activity, there was also an overlap in activity in the two conditions, replicating the findings of Willingham, Salidis & Gabrieli (2002) and Schendan, Searl, Melrose & Stern (2003). There has been evidence found in studies on amnesia patients that strongly suggests that implicit and explicit memory is two very distinct systems.Levy, Stark & Squire (2004) discovered that, through a series of experiments on memory-impaired patients, implicit priming (the identification of an item is improve d from an earlier encounter) is still intact in the patients. However new priming proves to be difficult for them. This is due to damage to the hippocampus and other related structures in the medial temporal lobe consequently amnesiacs find a task difficult if it depends on the linking of unrelated items.As there are many models of multiple learning systems that have being empirically tested over the years, this has become the most commonly accepted model of learning. This is also due to modern technology such as fMRI also reinforcing certain factors that suggest a multiple system view, as Aizenstein (2004) showed. Consequently not many researchers take it on themselves to go against the majority and opt to research a singular system view of learning. However, despite a small amount of valid research on this topic, there is still substantial evidence that prolongs this debate.Cleermans & Jimenez (2002) present research that indicates the learning process is not two separate systems of implicit and explicit learning, but that it is a continuum. This continuum runs from weak learning, implicit learning, along to strong learning, explicit learning, therefore proposing learning not as two separate systems but as a single loop of learning. Perruchet & Amorim (1992) ran a series of experiments on sequence learning and the effect of conscious knowledge on changes in performance.Through these experiments they concluded that, although many claims have being made for dissociations between learning systems, Perruchet & Amorim regarded these as groundless. Meaning that although there might have been experiments created to thoroughly test the hypotheses, Perruchet & Amorim argued that these tests failed to provide reliable empirical support for dissociation. Stanton & Nosofsky (2007) also provided evidence against the multiple learning systems hypothesis.In this study, Stanton & Nosofsky aimed to reverse the dissociations already established by Reber (1967) and Goshke (199 8). He aimed to do this to demonstrate how the earlier studies failed to provide solid evidence for a dissociation, by reversing the dissociation Stanton & Nosofsky showed just how invalid the previous results were. They concluded that a better research strategy would be to create more fully specified versions of both multiple and single system models of learning therefore being able to evaluate them more wholly.Another key point raised by Willingham & Goedert-Eschmann (1999) is that despite learning being a multiple system, there is evidence for a single system connection. They provide evidence that connects the two systems by parallel learning. When a participant is explicitly learning a sequence, their implicit knowledge of the task is improving alongside explicit learning, consequently signifying a connection between the two systems.Willingham & Goedert-Eschmann focused this research on the parallelism of the two structures as little research had been done on this theory because of the amount of researchers focusing their resources on the separability of the two systems. In evaluation, the literature reviewed in this essay has being quite compelling, with the majority of research on a multiple system view of learning it seems to be the most widely accepted theory despite no concluding evidence. As there has been a vast amount of research on a multiple system view, there is little on a single system view thus making it hard to evaluate both systems fairly.Despite this, using the literature I have discovered, a conclusion can be made that there is more evidence for a multiple system of learning. Especially in neurophysiology shown by Aizenstein’s (2004) results from the fMRI scans did show some slight differences in brain activity when different tasks were presented that required implicit and explicit knowledge/learning. On the other hand Cleermans & Jimenez (2002) suggest that there are slight differences, similar to Aizenstein (2004), however this i s due to a singular system in the form of a continuum.As memory and learning are closely connected and there has being different types of memory established, short-term memory and long term memory, there has been many researchers looking for a link between memories and learning processes. As learning is defined as the process of laying down some sort of memory trace, there is no reason to suspect that different memory systems will be able to identify certain categories of learning (Ashby & Maddox, 2005). Despite all of the research up to date, no single piece of research has been able to show that different types of memory and learning are directly linked to one another.However Ashby and Maddox did conclude that different memory types (for example sensory and primary memory, short term and long term memory) could identify different categories of learning consequently suggesting that more research needs doing into this phenomenon. Willingham & Goedert-Eschmann (1999) provided an inte resting explanation of the learning system, they hinted at two separate systems of learning, an implicit system and a completely separate explicit system, that were connected. This was through parallel learning.For example as we explicitly learn a sequence, our implicit system is learning concurrently with our explicit system. Providing evidence for a new theory that, although they are two separate systems, they still work together. Finally, judging from the research that has being done, a conclusion can be made that although the majority of literature out there is focusing on trying to separate the two systems and support the multiple system theory of learning, there are still unanswered questions that have arisen from research.Cleermans & Jimenez (2002) provide a very interesting approach to these theories and propose an idea of a learning continuum, this question is still unanswered 10 years after the theory was proposed. Willingham & Goedert-Eschmann (1999) also have an input in to this debate, they suggest that while explicit and implicit learning systems are separate, they are still constantly synchronized because whilst we are explicitly learning something, our implicit system is working to store the knowledge so we do not need to consciously engage our brains next time we come across the same or similar problem.The final question that is still unanswered is a debate that has gone on for decades, is learning and memory connected? The final answer to that question is yes, yes it is however researchers are still looking into whether certain types of learning go to certain areas of the brain to be stored as memory or whether memory types cannot distinguish category learning. In conclusion, from current research, the most widely accepted theory is that there are multiple learning systems and that it is not a singular system for both explicit and implicit learning.References Aizenstein, H. J. , Stenger, V. A. , Cochran, J. , Clark, K. , Johnson, M. , Nebes, R . D. , & Carter, C. S. (2004). Regional Brain Activation during Concurrent Implicit and Explicit Sequence Learning. Oxford Journals: Life Sciences & Medicines, Cerebral Cortex, 14(2), 199-208 Ashby, F. G. , & Maddox, W. T. (2005). Human Category Learning. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 149-178. Cleeremans, A. , & Jimenez, L. (2002). Implicit Learning and consciousness: A graded, dynamic perspective. In R. M. French & A.Cleeremans (Eds. ), Implicit Learning and Consciousness (p1-40) Hove UK: Psychology Press. Goschke, T. (1998) Implicit learning of perceptual and motor sequences: Evidence for independent systems, in Handbook of Implicit Learning (Stadler, M. A. and Frensch, P. , eds), pp. 401–444, Sage Publications. Grant, D. A. , & Berg, E. (1948). A behavioral analysis of degree of reinforcement and ease of shifting to new responses in Weigl-type card-sorting problem. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38, 404–411. Levy, D. , Stark, C. & Squire, L. 2004). Intact Co nceptual Priming in the Absence of Declarative Memory. Psychological Science, 15(10), 680-686 Kihlstrom, J. , Dorfman, J. , & Park, L. (2007). Implicit and Explicit Memory and Learning. Retrieved November 6th, 2012, from http://ist-socrates. berkeley. edu/~kihlstrm/IandMLandM. htm Mathers, R. C. , Buss, B. B. , Stanley, W. B. , Blanchard-Fields, F. , Cho, J. R. , & Druhan, B. (1989). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 15(6), 1083-1100. Perruchet, P. , & Amorim, M. (1992). Conscious knowledge and changes in performance in sequence learning: evidence against dissociation. Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition, 18, 785-800. Reber, A. S. (1967). Implicit learning of artificial grammars. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour, 77, 312-327. Schendan, H. E. , Searl, M. M. , Melrose, R. J. , & Stern, C. E. (2003). An fMRI study of the role of the medial temporal lobe in implicit and explicit sequence learning. Neuron 37(6) ,1013–1025. Stanton, R. , & Nosofsky, R. (2007).Feedback interference and dissociations of classification: Evidence against the multiple-learning-systems hypothesis. Journal of Memory & Cognition, 35(7), 1747-1758. Willingham, D. B. , & Goedert-Eschmann, K. (1999). The Relation Between Implicit and Explicit Learning: Evidence for Parallel Development. Psychological Science, 10(6), 531-534. Willingham, D. B. , Salidis, J. , & Gabrieli, J. D. (2002). Direct comparison of neural systems mediating conscious and unconscious skill learning. Journal of Neurophysiology, 88(3), 1451–1460.
Saturday, November 9, 2019
Reflection of lolita
Nabob develops this idea in his novel Elliot, in which the protagonist Humbler Humbler shows his longings and his seeking of control over time throughout his life story. In this story, Nabob also implies that lives are restricted by time; any seeking of the past time will fail at last and bring frustration. Whenever Humbler's dreams, or Ideals of seeking the past, conflict with the reality of the time restrictions, anguish emerges, and escalates Into his tragic end of life.Actually, Humbler Is deeply affected by his unfulfilled relationship with his nouns lover Enable, which results in his seeking of young girls and his pursuit of controlling over time. This unforgettable remark in Humbler's mind not only leads to his obsession with Elliot, a young girl who serves as another Enable for Humbler, but also leads to his fear and anxiety of the elapsing of time throughout his lifetime. Humbler has always been hoping to slip the leash of time with the help of his imagination and creation, either going back to the beautiful memories in the past, or staying immortal without aging.However, he is never in control when time flows by; hush, he suffers from the Impossibilities of achieving his Ideals. Although Humbler tries to govern the destiny by himself and wishes to stay at one exact moment, he cannot achieve his desire In reality. After all, Humbler Is always the prisoner In the cage of time, and so are all human beings. Time has a more exceptional value for Humbler than for normal people because Humbler has special interests in young girls, or in other words, he is a pedophilia.During his life of encountering these young girls, Humbler suffers because of the restrictions on the age of the girls that FLT the requirements of nymphets. Nymphets, as he describes, are â€Å"nymph's†¦ Creatures†that are â€Å"between the age limits of nine and fourteen†(p. 16). In this case, time, which may contain different values for different people, is much more val uable and significant to Humbler than to ordinary individuals for the reason that nymphets can only retain their identity for six years.Humbler simply wishes to be â€Å"[left] alone in [his] pubescent park, in [his] mossy garden,†which Is filled with his desires and appreciation for the nymphets. Regardless of the reality, Humbler has an Ideal of keeping the nymphets â€Å"play[long] round [him] forever,†as well as â€Å"never grow[long] up†(p. 21). Once again, Humbler hopes to free the nymphets from the shackles of time, and stay forever young in his which may bring him comfort, but never come true. Stopping aging is always an impossible action that human beings cannot achieve; however, Humbler holds a dream of preventing the flows of time.He wishes to remain at the same moment, or even return to the past all the while. As a matter of fact, Humbler's interests in young girls and his actions of seeking nymphets are results from his unaccomplished memories of his childhood. Tracing to his past, Humbler's relationship with a neighbor girl, whose name is Enable, affects his later life on a large scale. Back in Humbler's childhood, Enable, the â€Å"lovely child a few months [his] Junior,†and he are â€Å"madly, clumsily, shamelessly, agonizingly in love with each other†(p. 2). Unfortunately, the fact that they are â€Å"unable even to mate as slum children would have so easily found an opportunity to do†leaves permanent regret for Humbler. Still, â€Å"after twenty-nine years have elapsed,†Humbler views Enable as â€Å"the initial fateful elf†who used to be â€Å"on that same enchanted island of time†as he is (p. 8). The emotions that Humbler has toward Enable are extraordinarily deep and strong, as the â€Å"fierceness†¦ [in the] premature love [can] destroy adult lives†(p. 18).The pity of an uncompleted relationship is like a â€Å"wound†¦ [that] remain[s] ever open,â₠¬ (p. 18) and accompanies Humbler for the rest of his life. Deliberately standing at the same position when his unforgettable memory ends, Humbler chooses not to leave and give up his hope of continuing his memories, even if he is aging while carrying the scar that comes from his unsuccessful relationship with Enable. Humbler himself also realizes that â€Å"the rift in [his] life in the glitter of that remote summer†(p. 1 3).The â€Å"rift,†which is set between Enable and Humbler, between his past and present, or between his ideal and reality, is the obstacle that Humbler hopes to leap over. However, he is hopeless when he is in the cage of time, and the unavoidable aging makes his childhood that remains on the summer seashore and in the backyard garden unachievable. Nonetheless, Humbler is obstinate with his desire to escape the cage of time; he starts to fight the powerful fact with his imaginations and creations. Since the time that Enable dies, Humbler starts his seeking of another â€Å"Enable,†which ends up with his obsession of Elliot.Elliot, the objectified Enable, who is actually not a real person but a symbol of Humbler's childhood, is served as a satisfaction and remedy of his uncompleted experience with his former Enable. Just as Humbler confesses in the novel, he â€Å"surrenders to a sort of retrospective imagination,†which causes his â€Å"maddeningly complex prospect of [his] past†(p. 13). So deeply the memories affect Humbler that he is â€Å"convinced†¦ In a certain magic and fateful way Elliot began with Enable,†when he tries to â€Å"analyze his] own cravings, motives, actions and so forth†(p. 4). Elliot, who has â€Å"the same frail, honey-hued shoulders, the same silky supple bard back, the same chestnut head of hair†as Enable does, which cannot hide â€Å"from the gaze of [Humbler's] young memory,†is â€Å"the same child†as Enable in Humbler's memory (p. 39). Humbler comes up with the hallucination that he has â€Å"fondled†¦ The Juvenile breasts†of Elliot and â€Å"kissed granulated imprint left by the band of her shorts†on the â€Å"last mad immortal day behind the ‘Roaches Roses†when he first meets Elliot in the rented house (p. 39).From the descriptions of his feelings, it is inferred that Humbler sees Elliot, the daughter of his landlady, as a substitute, or a replicate of Enable in his to suck in every detail of her bright beauty' which he â€Å"check[s] against the features of [his] dead bride†(p. 39). Later, the â€Å"nouvelle Elliot,†which is â€Å"[Humbler's] Elliot,†tends to â€Å"eclipse completely her prototype†(p. 40). Just as Humbler states, he â€Å"[has] fallen in love with Elliot forever,†but the word forever â€Å"refer[s] only to [his] own passion†(p. 65). In other words, Humbler's perpetual love toward Elliot is based on †Å"the eternalElliot†¦ [that] reflected in [his] blood,†but not the actual figure existing in reality (p. 65). Indeed, Just as he states later in the story, â€Å"the attraction†¦ Of pure young forbidden fairy child-beauty' does not belong to â€Å"immaturity,†but from â€Å"security†¦ Where infinite perfections fill the gap between the little given and the great promised†(p. 264). It is the feeling of security in filling the gap, or leaping the rift, which is like â€Å"the great rosemary never-to-be-had,†(p. 264) that drives Humbler to seek his nymphets with great passion.Moreover, the impossibility of Humbler satisfying is desire, which is as dreary as a withered rose, creates the â€Å"miserable memories†for Humbler throughout his life (p. 1 3). In short, Elliot is Just a name for a image that Humbler creates. Humbler's possessiveness of Elliot is his attempt to seize his childhood memories regardless of time restrictions. No t surprisingly, the same rule of aging is applied to Elliot as well. As Humbler knows well to himself, Elliot will â€Å"not be forever Elliot†(p. 65). â€Å"She [will] be thirteen on January 1,†and â€Å"in two years or so she [will] cease being a nymphet and would turn into a young girl'†¦ En, into a ‘college girl†(p. 65). No one can stop the pace of aging no matter how desperate he is, and neither can Humbler. The result of the endless pursuit of stopping the time is a â€Å"horror of horrors†that rises inside Humbler. The pain of the incapability of preserving a nymphet again makes Humbler suffer. This Elliot, who is only a twelve-year-old girl when Humbler marries her mother and becomes her stepfather, that Humbler can â€Å"touch and smell and hear and see†has â€Å"iliac creates†¦ [that] [have] not yet flared,†and â€Å"a strident voice†as well as â€Å"the rich brown hair†(p. 65).However, she wil l not be the same Elliot after several years, and will â€Å"lose forever†(p. 66). Constrained by the cage of time, Humbler will never have Elliot as a nymphet forever; however, Elliot â€Å"will always be the girl [he] [is] infatuated with†¦ Even if she has grown old and not that innocent anymore†¦ In [his] dreams†. In his own world of dreams Humbler finally seeks the eternally of youth. Despite the great influence Humbler's past acts have on his obsession with nymphets and Elliot, his past also affects Humbler in his present life. Not a day is easy without anxiety and fear for the flow of time.The fear starts to emerge when Elliot is going to camp and leaving home for two months. For Humbler, the lost of time that â€Å"two whole months out of the two years of her remaining nymphs†makes it unaffordable and raises pain (p. 66). Later, after the death of Charlotte, Humbler sets off on a long car trip around America taking Elliot with him. In order to keep Elliot with him and possess her during her short nymph's years, Humbler moves frequently from one village to another and stays at hotels for most of the time, trying to avoid the expectedness of his immoral relationship with Elliot and the attention room the police.Moreover, during the trip after Elliot leaves her school, Humbler starts to have thoughts that are â€Å"more than hallucinations†(p. 217) because he is â€Å"Jealous of every male [Elliot] [meets]†and acts â€Å"queer[lay]†because of the worries Elliot from other males, including her classmates from school, that he tries to cut every possible way for her to access males, which is the normal thing that a growing teenage girl does. Humbler hopes to keep Elliot as his nymphet, who will not grow older and only belongs to him, by keeping her from ordinary behaviors and interactions with society that normal girls have.Despite the illustrations above, there are many more details that are described in the novel that reveal the â€Å"anxiety' and â€Å"pain,†which are raised from the restrictions of time, that Humbler suffers. The influence of Humbler's anxiety about time, and his failings to prevent the normal things that happen when time flows, make his life miserable and intense, and is mostly likely to cause Humbler to go mad and die from heart disease in Jail. However, Humbler, who portrays himself as a poet, is a romantic dreamer who fights against reality.When the reality of time impedes the way to his ideal world, Humbler finds another way, not through imagination but literature, to fulfill his desire. During his time in Jail, Humbler writes the novel Elliot to mourn for the loss of his love. The shallow purpose of Humbler writing the novel is to â€Å"make [Elliot] live in the minds of later generations†(p. 309). Only in this literary world, where Humbler successfully achieves control over time and his lover, can Humbler finally pursue â€Å"immortali ty' (p. 09). Noticing that in this fabricate world exists â€Å"the only immortality†¦ [that] [Elliot] ND [Humbler] may share,†Humbler achieves the fulfillment of his desire at last. In other words, sadly enough, it will never be possible for Humbler to pursue his desire in the actual world. Looking at the novel as a whole story applying the theme of time, it provides an assumption that Elliot is the symbol of the past who embodies the most exciting and memorable Junctions in Humbler's recollections.Besides, Charlotte and Guilty are symbols that represent the present because they are obstacles for Humbler to succeed in the chasing of his dreams. For Charlotte, her existence makes t impossible for Humbler to get close to Elliot and own Elliot as his possession. For Guilty, his intention and actions to seduce Elliot and take her away set Humbler in precautions of losing the possession of Elliot. Time is always Humbler's strongest enemy when he strives to achieve his dream of owning a perpetual nymphet.In this way, Humbler's behavior of planning to murder Charlotte and actually murdering Guilty can be viewed as Humbler's efforts to stop time and end its flow. On the other hand, the eventual flee of Elliot, which symbolizes the loss of the past, implies the ND of Humbler's dream to escape from the cage of time. To cite one line of the poem from T. S. Eliot, â€Å"That time is no healer: the patient is no longer here. Elliot has gone and left Humbler, as well as his childhood times; time is elapsing from one second to the next, never stopping. It is inevitable that Humbler's dream of governing time will finally be disillusioned no matter how hard he tries to pursue it. In conclusion, no one can escape the cage of time, and neither can Humbler. In the cage of reality, none of Humbler's desires will be achieved; however, Humbler has achieved them eventually in his fabricate world which is full of imaginations and hallucinations.The unfulfilled relations hip with his former lover Enable, being the cause of Humbler's desire to govern time, affects his aftermath life greatly by causing fear and anxiety for Humbler. To summarize, Humbler has never succeeded in breaking the cage of time to achieve his desire to stop time slapping. Moreover, it can be inferred that maybe another perspective, it can be interpreted that desire is the only thing that is over reality, which allows Humbler to break through the cage of time with his imaginations and be an idealist of his own.
Wednesday, November 6, 2019
Lecturas Comprensivas para Secundaria con Pregunta Essays
Lecturas Comprensivas para Secundaria con Pregunta Essays Lecturas Comprensivas para Secundaria con Preguntas y Respuestas tipo Test. LECTURA 1 Los primeros pasos para los actuales videojuegos se producen en los anos 40, cuando los tecnicos americanos desarrollaron el primer simulador de vuelo, destinado al entrenamiento de pilotos. En 1962 aparecio la tercera generacion de computadoras, con reduccion de su tamano y costo de manera drastica; y a partir de ahi el proceso ha sido continuo. En 1969 nacio el microprocesador, que en un reducido espacio producia mayor potencial de informacion que los grandes computadoras de los anos 50. Es lo que constituye el corazon de nuestras computadoras, videojuegos y calculadoras. En 1970 aparece el disco flexible y en 1972 se desarrolla el primer juego, llamado PONG, que consistia en una rudimentaria partida de tenis o ping-pong. En 1977, la firma Atari lanzo al mercado el primer sistema de videojuegos en cartucho, que alcanzo un gran exito en Estados Unidos y provoco, al mismo tiempo, una primera preocupacion sobre los posibles efectos de los videojuegos en la conducta de los ninos. Luego de una voraz evolucion, en la que el constante aumento de la potencia de los microprocesadores y de la memoria permitieron nuevas mejoras, en 1986 la casa Nintendo lanzo su primer sistema de videojuegos que permitio la presentacion de unos juegos impensables nueve anos atras. La calidad del movimiento, el color y el sonido, asi como la imaginacion de los creadores de juegos fueron tales que, unidos al considerable abaratamiento relativo de dichos videojuegos, a comienzos de los 90, en nuestro pais se extendieron de manera masiva los juegos creados por las dos principales companias, Sega y Nintendo; y en poco tiempo se constituyeron en uno de los juguetes preferidos de los ninos. La extension masiva de los videojuegos en los anos 90 ha provocado una segunda oleada de investigaciones, en la medicina, la sociologia, la psicologia y la educacion, ademas de la preocupacion y las valoraciones que dichos juegos han recibido por parte de padres, educadores y principalmente los medios de comunicacion, para quienes generalmente los videojuegos son vistos como algo negativo y perjudicial. Las mas prestigiosas universidades, revistas y publicaciones son sensibles a la preocupacion por una de las tendencias preferidas a la hora de elegir los juegos, no solo de los ninos y adolescentes, sino tambien de jovenes y adultos. 1. Cual es el tema central del texto? A) Relacion entre computadoras y videojuegos novedosos. B) Los videojuegos y las consideraciones psicosociales. C) Surgimiento de las empresas Atari, Nintendo y Sega. D) La expansion de los videojuegos y su peligro inherente. E) Evolucion de los videojuegos y el debate sobre sus efectos. 2. En relacion a los videojuegos y los progresos logrados entre 1969 y 1977, es incompatible afirmar que, como consecuencia, se produjo: A) Un acelerado proceso de aceptacion, pero tambien recelo. B) Exito de ventas y aceptacion total, entusiasta y sin reparos. C) Una potenciacion cada vez mayor del microprocesador. D) Aprovechamiento del cromatismo, el sonido y el dinamismo. E) Interes en el tema por parte de cientificos e instituciones. 3. El termino VORAZ, en el tercer parrafo del texto, alude a: A) escandalo. B) consumismo. C) agresividad. D) rapidez. E) dependencia. 4. Se puede inferir de lo expuesto en el texto que: A) La empresa Sega tuvo una duracion prolongada en videojuegos. B) Fue en paises asiaticos que se revoluciono los videojuegos. C) En cuanto a comunicacion, los videojuegos resultan nocivos. D) La empresa Atari fue la pionera en la creacion de videojuegos. E) La medicina, la psicologia y la sociologia investigan los videojuegos. 5. Si los microprocesadores no se hubieran potenciado, seguramente: A) no habria ningun videojuego y tampoco habria violencia. B) las computadoras habrian tardado en popularizarse. C) la revolucion de los videojuegos no se habria dado. D) las investigaciones sobre los videojuegos continuarian. E) no se habrian desarrollado videojuegos de gran calidad. SOLUCIONES Solucion 1: El texto trata sobre la evolucion de los videojuegos y el debate sobre sus consecuencias en diversos ambitos. Rpta.: E Solucion 2: Una de las consecuencias de la evolucion de los videojuegos es la tendencia a investigar sobre ellos: va surgiendo preocupacion. Rpta.: B Solucion 3: En el contexto, VORAZ connota RAPIDEZ en la evolucion. Rpta.: Solucion 4: En el segundo parrafo se informa que, en el ano 1977, la empresa Atari saco a la venta la primera consola de videojuegos que tuvo gran exito; en consecuencia, es
Monday, November 4, 2019
Should the Constitution be amended to regulate the proportion of Research Paper
Should the Constitution be amended to regulate the proportion of representatives so that each would represent no more than 50,00 - Research Paper Example The Equal Protection clause in the U.S constitution requires that the House of Representatives apportionment scheme be based on population to ensure that the right of every citizen to equal representation and to have their votes weighed equally with those of all other citizens is enforced. (Anzalone, 2002) Limiting the maximum number of citizens a representative can represent can highly increase the effectiveness if equal and active representation. The individual citizen’s ability to exercise an effective voice is the only instrument of state government that exemplifies direct representation (Anzalone, 2002) The founding fathers of the United States of America intended that the population of each congressional district should not exceed 50,000 to uphold the spirit of equal representation. Today, the average population of a congressional district in USA is 700,000 people which is a very big number compared to the initial intended figure. The increase of congressional representa tion with the increase in population would ensure that the congressional districts would be equal across the nation as opposed to the situation today where some congressional districts have almost double the population of others to uphold the spirit of equality in representation. Smaller districts would enhance representation of the constituents in law making and voting of bills. It would also enhance monitoring and management of the constituents by their representatives. The legislators end up being less active on conditions that lead to individuals to rely on cognitive shortcuts of the complexity of the congressional district. Thus the amendment to expand the number of representatives should be passed to reduce the size of each congressional (Miler, 2010). The enactment of this amendment would also make campaigning more easy and less expensive since campaigning in a 50,000 people district is easier than campaigning in a 700,000 people district. The enormous districts are also enab ling re-election of representatives even if they are under performers and disadvantaging the minority groups in the current system. The enactment of this limit would ensure that the diversity of the American people is well represented in the House of Representatives. This would also have a positive implication in the reflection offered by the college vote that elects the president and the vice president. Most of the legislators and their staff are committed to representing their constituents but representing several thousand people is not easy. Due to the large number of population they are representing, they may fail to perfectly represent their constituents not because they are corrupt or privilege some constituents but because of the workload that they have (Miler, 2010). Increasing the number of representatives would thus allow full representation without favour’s in the constituents. On the other hand, if the law is amended so that each representative can represent not m ore than 50,000 constituents, the number of representatives would increase enormously. This would increase estimate to a staggering 6000 representatives. There was of course valid reasons why congress limited the number of representatives to 435 in an amendment in 1911. There were fears that with the growth of the
Saturday, November 2, 2019
Psychology- Media File Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words
Psychology- Media File - Essay Example It also speaks of the child prostitution which takes place when a child is sent away from home in the quest of finding enough money to feed the other family dependents. This news story appealed to me because I think those parents who have no respect and dignity left for their own kids expect nothing from life. I believe they should be taken to task since they are ruining their children’s future as well as playing with their mental psyche. This news story presents the aspect of understanding what the child wants from life and what he is given in return. More than that, the aspects related with prostitution, child labor and begging are not even envisaged by the family when they give away their children so that they could come back with some money for the good of the family. Family violence contributes endlessly to these tactics by the parents who just want to satisfy their whims and short term desires over the long term growth of these kids. This indeed is a heinous activity to speak the least. This news story was published in the Baltimore Sun and it discusses the aspect of child discipline and Angelina Jolie’s domestic life which seems to be in the news for all the odd reasons. Her lawyers tried to protect her from a barrage of questions from the media where they raised a number of speculations in line with the release of the movie â€Å"A mighty heart†, based on the death of Daniel Pearl. Instead of answering questions related with the movie itself, she felt more happy at telling the media how she and Brad Pitt, her boyfriend, felt about disciplining children at home and thus she set a good precedent by talking about her personal life which can easily be an encouraging factor for her fans all over the world and thus they would take a leaf out of her book and look to discipline their own kids. This news story is indeed something very interesting about what Jolie thinks of her domestic life and in what manner she can
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)